如果大量的碳水没有转化成脂肪,那它们去了哪里?
第一,糖原合成。人体的糖缓冲系统主要由肝脏[81][82]和肌肉[83]构成,它们像海绵一样,可吸收许多的糖,存起来。特别是骨骼肌,它是人体处理葡萄糖的主要器官[84][85][86]。
一般人肝可容纳100g左右糖。有数据称骨骼肌储存糖的能力是12g/kg肌肉,所以普通人一般肌肉能存400g左右的糖。这些内容在各类教材上都有。
注意,葡萄糖一旦进入肌肉被合成大分子肌糖原,就成了肌肉的能量储备,直到被肌肉消耗,不会转化为脂肪。这是因为肌肉中没有把肌糖还原为葡萄糖的酶(葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶)。
第二,用于氧化供能(俗称“燃烧”)。当摄入多余碳水时,身体会燃烧掉一部分;当摄入多余脂肪时身体不会燃烧它们。
早期的研究已经证实了上述观点:34名非糖尿病男性经过了10天测试,前4天限制食物,从第5天开始让他们放开吃,这导致他们摄入过多总热量(32%-54%)。结果发现碳水化合物摄入增加导致了额外的碳水化合物氧化(燃烧),但脂肪摄入增加不导致额外脂肪氧化[87]。
另一项研究的结论也一样:28名印第安土著妇女同样进行上述测试,前4天限制食物,从第5天开始让放开吃[88]。这导致她们摄入过多总热量,蛋白质摄入增加约11%,脂肪摄入增加约40%,碳水摄入增加约49%。过量摄入碳水化合物可导致碳水化合物氧化增加,而过量脂肪摄入则导致脂肪氧化减少。
两个研究,不同性别,不同人群,不同民族,不同体重,结论却相同:当总热量超标时,碳水摄入增加提升碳水的氧化(燃烧)水平;脂肪摄入增加则不提升脂肪的氧化水平。
这就是为什么,kevin等人观察到,摄入超量碳水化合物期间,受试者24小时的能量消耗增加了840大卡/日[89]。考虑到普通人每日的总热量消耗平均是2000千卡,相当于增加了35%的代谢,这个值相当可观。
为什么人体会尽量燃烧掉多余碳水?答案是胰岛素
许多人不知道的是,胰岛素在促进三大能量物质合成、抑制脂肪燃烧的同时,也促进碳水化合物的氧化供能。用通俗的话来说就是:胰岛素会促进碳水被燃烧掉。
(所以碳水不容易被转化成脂肪,至少不像膳食脂肪那样大部分都转化成人体脂肪)
我们直接看教科书上的原话:
胰岛素刺激规格及的糖酵解胰岛素刺激细胞氧化碳水化合物
如果再说深一点,问胰岛素是怎么促进碳水氧化供能的?
这涉及一种关键的酶:丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物-PDC[90][91]。
人和动植物获得能量,主要靠著名的三羧酸循环(也叫柠檬酸循环、TCA循环、Kreb循环)。PDC就是那个促进丙酮酸转乙酰辅酶A[92]、促进葡萄糖燃烧的关键酶[93][94]。
胰岛素能提升PDC活性[95][96][97]。
PDC活性提高了,碳水氧化增加,热量损耗增加。这些内容在教材上都有,不是什么新鲜事。
所以,碳水吃多了,会被额外燃烧掉一些,但脂肪不会[98][99][100]。也就是说,吃多了碳水和脂肪都会促进肥胖,但是吃下去的脂肪几乎不经损失全部转化为人体脂肪,而碳水要损耗掉不少。
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【 在 gjq 的大作中提到: 】
: 纯文盲扯淡。
: 不运动怎么氧化?火化吗?
: 碳水是最容易让人发胖的
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FROM 120.244.6.*