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翻译内容样本如下：

PAP decreases because of :
Volume depletion
Drugs
Aspiration
Pulmonary stenosis

PuLMONARY CAPILLARY WEDGE PRESSURE:Normal 4 to 12 mmHg
PCWP represents the pressure in the left ventricle when there is no mechanical
obstruction;
It correlates with pulmonary artery diastolic pressure in the absence of
disease.Measure wedge pressure at end expiration.Measure at the waveform
peak if the patient is not undergoing ventilation,and measure at the waveform
dip if the patient is undergoing ventilation.
REMEMBER:For patient undergoing ventilation,measure waveform in the valley.
Can be normal at 14 to 18 mmHg in a compromised patient.
图
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure(PCWP)tracing showing respiratory variation
from positive pressure mechanical ventilation.In this case,PCWP measurement is
correctly taken at the mean point of end expiration,not in the valley.

PCWP increases because of:
  Left ventricular failure(audible S3 with increased left ventricular filling pressure)
  Tamponade
  Pulmonary edema
  Mitral stenosis or insufficiency
  Hypervolemia

PCWP decreases because of:
Hypovolemia
Afterload reduction caused by vasodilators


CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO):Normal 4 to 8L\min
CO is the amount of blood ejected by the heart into the systemic circulation each
minute.
            CO=SV×HR
CO increases because of :
  AV shunt
  Pulmonary edema
  Increased metabolic state(fever,tachycardia,burn)
  Mild hypertension with wide pulse pressure
  Early sepsis
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