2002
The prize is being awarded
for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of
biological macromolecules
with one half jointly to:
JOHN B. FENN, and KOICHI TANAKA, for their development of soft desorption io
nisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecule
s
and the other half to:
KURT WüTHRICH for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscop
y for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecul
es in solution.
2001
The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to:
WILLIAM S. KNOWLES, and RYOJI NOYORI, for their work on chirally catalysed h
ydrogenation reactions
and the other half to:
K. BARRY SHARPLESS for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions.
2000
The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to:
ALAN J. HEEGER, ALAN G. MACDIARMID, and HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA for the discovery a
nd development of conductive polymers.
1999
AHMED ZEWAIL for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions
using femtosecond spectroscopy.
1998
The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions in developing methods tha
t can be used for theoretical studies of the properties of molecules and the
chemical processes in which they are involved. The prize was divided equall
y between:
WALTER KOHN for his development of the density-functional theory
and
JOHN A. POPLE for his development of computational methods in quantum chemis
try.
1997
The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to:
PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER for their elucidation of the enzymatic mech
anism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
and with one half to:
JENS C. SKOU for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-
ATPase.
1996
The prize was awarded jointly to:
ROBERT F. CURL, Jr. , SIR HAROLD W. KROTO , and RICHARD E. SMALLEY for their
discovery of fullerenes.
1995
The prize was awarded jointly to:
PAUL CRUTZEN , MARIO MOLINA , and F. SHERWOOD ROWLAND for their work in atmo
spheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition o
f ozone.
1994
GEORGE A. OLAH for his contribution to carbocation chemistry.
1993
The prize was awarded for contributions to the developments of methods withi
n DNA-based chemistry equally between:
KARY B. MULLIS for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) meth
od.
and
MICHAEL SMITH for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of olig
onucleiotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protei
n studies.
1992
RUDOLPH A. MARCUS for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer r
eactions in chemical systems.
1991
RICHARD R. ERNST for his contributions to the development of the methodology
of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
1990
ELIAS JAMES COREY for his development of the theory and methodology of organ
ic synthesis.
1989
The prize was awarded jointly to:
SIDNEY ALTMAN and THOMAS R. CECH for their discovery of catalytic properties
of RNA.
1988
The prize was awarded jointly to:
JOHANN DEISENHOFER , ROBERT HUBER and HARTMUT MICHEL for the determination o
f the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre.
1987
The prize was awarded jointly to:
DONALD J. CRAM , JEAN-MARIE LEHN and CHARLES J. PEDERSEN
for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interacti
ons of high selectivity.
1986
The prize was awarded jointly to:
DUDLEY R. HERSCHBACH , YUAN T. LEE and JOHN C. POLANYI for their contributio
ns concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes.
1985
The prize was awarded jointly to:
HERBERT A. HAUPTMAN and JEROME KARLE for their outstanding achievements in t
he development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures
.
1984
ROBERT BRUCE MERRIFIELD for his development of methodology for chemical synt
hesis on a solid matrix.
1983
HENRY TAUBE for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, e
specially in metal complexes.
1982
SIR AARON KLUG for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy a
nd his structural elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein
complexes.
1981
The prize was awarded jointly to:
KENICHI FUKUI and ROALD HOFFMANN for their theories, developed independently
, concerning the course of chemical reactions.
1980
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:
PAUL BERG for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids,
with particular regard to recombinant-DNA
and the other half jointly to:
WALTER GILBERT and FREDERICK SANGER for their contributions concerning the d
etermination of base sequences in nucleic acids.
1979
The prize was divided equally between:
HERBERT C. BROWN and GEORG WITTIG for their development of the use of boron-
and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents
in organic synthesis.
1978
PETER D. MITCHELL for his contribution to the understanding of biological en
ergy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory.
1977
ILYA PRIGOGINE for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, part
icularly the theory of dissipative structures.
1976
WILLIAM N.. LIPSCOMB for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminatin
g problems of chemical bonding.
1975
The prize was divided equally between:
SIR JOHN WARCUP CORNFORTH for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-cata
lyzed reactions
and
VLADIMIR PRELOG for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecul
es and reactions.
1974
PAUL J. FLORY for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experim
ental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules.
1973
The prize was divided equally between:
ERNST OTTO FISCHER and SIR GEOFFREY WILKINSON for their pioneering work, per
formed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sand
wich compounds.
1972
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:
CHRISTIAN B. ANFINSEN for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning th
e connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active con
firmation
and the other half jointly to:
STANFORD MOORE and WILLIAM H. STEIN for their contribution to the understand
ing of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of t
he active centre of the ribonuclease molecule.
1971
GERHARD HERZBERG for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic stuctu
re and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals.
1970
LUIS F. LELOIR for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the
biosynthesis of carbohydrates.
1969
The prize was divided equally between:
SIR DEREK H. R. BARTON and ODD HASSEL for their contributions to the develop
ment of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry.
1968
LARS ONSAGER for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name,
which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
1967
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:
MANFRED EIGEN
and the other half jointly to:
RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NORRISH and LORD GEORGE PORTER for their studies of e
xtremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by m
eans of very short pulses of energy.
1966
ROBERT S. MULLIKEN for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and th
e electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method.
1965
ROBERT BURNS WOODWARD for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic
synthesis.
1964
DOROTHY CROWFOOT HODGKIN for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the s
tructures of important biochemical substances.
1963
The prize was divided equally between:
KARL ZIEGLER and GIULIO NATTA for their discoveries in the field of the chem
istry and technology of high polymers.
1962
The prize was divided equally between:
MAX FERDINAND PERUTZ and SIR JOHN COWDERY KENDREW for their studies of the s
tructures of globular proteins.
1961
MELVIN CALVIN for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.

1960
WILLARD FRANK LIBBY for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in
archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science.
1959
JAROSLAV HEYROVSKY for his discovery and development of the polarographic me
thods of analysis.
1958
FREDERICK SANGER for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that
of insulin.
1957
LORD ALEXANDER R. TODD for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes
.
1956
The prize was awarded jointly to:
SIR CYRIL NORMAN HINSHELWOOD and NIKOLAY NIKOLAEVICH SEMENOV for their resea
rches into the mechanism of chemical reactions.
1955
VINCENT DU VIGNEAUD for his work on biochemically important sulphur compound
s, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone.
1954
LINUS CARL PAULING for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and
its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.
1953
HERMANN STAUDINGER for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemis
try.
1952
The prize was awarded jointly to:
ARCHER JOHN PORTER MARTIN and RICHARD LAURENCE MILLINGTON SYNGE for their in
vention of partition chromatography.
1951
The prize was awarded jointly to:
EDWIN MATTISON MC MILLAN and GLENN THEODORE SEABORG for their discoveries in
the chemistry of the transuranium elements.
1950
The prize was awarded jointly to:
OTTO PAUL HERMANN DIELS and KURT ALDER for their discovery and development o
f the diene synthesis.
1949
WILLIAM FRANCIS GIAUQUE for his contributions in the field of chemical therm
odynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely
low temperatures.
1948
ARNE WILHELM KAURIN TISELIUS for his research on electrophoresis and adsorpt
ion analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature o
f the serum proteins.
1947
SIR ROBERT ROBINSON for his investigations on plant products of biological i
mportance, especially the alkaloids.
1946
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:
JAMES BATCHELLER SUMNER for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized.
the other half jointly to
JOHN HOWARD NORTHROP and WENDELL MEREDITH STANLEY for their preparation of e
nzymes and virus proteins in a pure form.
1945
ARTTURI ILMARI VIRTANEN for his research and inventions in agricultural and
nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method.
1944
OTTO HAHN for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei.
1943
GEORGE DE HEVESY for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study
of chemical processes.
1942-1940
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund
(2/3) of this prize section.
1939
ADOLF FRIEDRICH JOHANN BUTENANDT for his work on sex hormones. (Caused by th
e authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the dip
loma and the medal).
and
LEOPOLD RUZICKA for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes.
1938
RICHARD KUHN for his work on carotenoids and vitamins. (Caused by the author
ities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and
the medal.)
1937
The prize was divided equally between:
SIR WALTER NORMAN HAWORTH for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitami
n C.
and
PAUL KARRER for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A an
d B2.
1936
PETRUS (PETER) JOSEPHUS WILHELMUS DEBYE for his contributions to our knowled
ge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and o
n the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases.
1935
The prize was awarded jointly to:
FR蒁蒖IC JOLIOT and IR萅E JOLIOT-CURIE in recognition of their synthesis of
new radioactive elements.
1934
HAROLD CLAYTON UREY for his discovery of heavy hydrogen.
1933
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund
(2/3) of this prize section.
1932
IRVING LANGMUIR for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry.

1931
The prize was awarded jointly to:
CARL BOSCH and FRIEDRICH BERGIUS in recognition of their contributions to th
e invention and development of chemical high pressure methods.
1930
HANS FISCHER for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chloroph
yll and especially for his synthesis of haemin.
1929
The prize was divided equally between:
SIR ARTHUR HARDEN and HANS KARL AUGUST SIMON VON EULER-CHELPIN for their inv
estigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes.
1928
ADOLF OTTO REINHOLD WINDAUS for the services rendered through his research i
nto the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins.
1927
HEINRICH OTTO WIELAND for his investigations of the constitution of the bile
acids and related substances.
1926
THE (THEODOR) SVEDBERG for his work on disperse systems.
1925
RICHARD ADOLF ZSIGMONDY for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of
colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become funda
mental in modern colloid chemistry.
1924
The prize money for 1924 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize sec
tion.
1923
FRITZ PREGL for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic sub
stances.
1922
FRANCIS WILLIAM ASTON for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph,
of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enun
ciation of the whole-number rule.
1921
FREDERICK SODDY , for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of
radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature o
f isotopes.
1920
WALTHER HERMANN NERNST in recognition of his work in thermochemistry.
1919
The prize money for 1919 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize sec
tion.
1918
FRITZ HABER for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements.
1917-1916
The prize money for 1917-1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this priz
e section.
1915
RICHARD MARTIN WILLST腡TER for his researches on plant pigments, especially
chlorophyll.
1914
THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS , in recognition of his accurate determinations of
the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements.
1913
ALFRED WERNER in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecule
s by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up n
ew fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry.
1912
The prize was divided equally between:
VICTOR GRIGNARD for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which i
n recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry
and
PAUL SABATIER for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the prese
nce of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry
has been greatly advanced in recent years.
1911
MARIE CURIE, n閑 Marie Sklodowska, in recognition of her services to the adv
ancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium,
by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this
remarkable element.
1910
OTTO WALLACH in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the che
mical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds.
1909
WILHELM OSTWALD in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investig
ations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rat
es of reaction.
1908
LORD ERNEST RUTHERFORD for his investigations into the disintegration of the
elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances.
1907
EDUARD BUCHNER for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cellfree
fermentation.
1906
HENRI MOISSAN in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his in
vestigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in t
he service of science of the electric furnace called after him.
1905
JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON BAEYER in recognition of his services in
the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his
work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds.
1904
SIR WILLIAM RAMSAY in recognition of his services in the discovery of the in
ert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the per
iodic system.
1903
SVANTE AUGUST ARRHENIUS in recognition of the extraordinary services he has
rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of disso
ciation.
1902
HERMANN EMIL FISCHER in recognition of the extraordinary services he has ren
dered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses.
1901
JACOBUS HENRICUS VAN'T HOFF in recognition of the extraordinary services he
has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic p
ressure in solutions.
--
FROM 166.111.173.55