没考过GRE？
【 在 Xaoyao 的大作中提到: 】
: 最讨厌用从句的
: 特别是从句套从句
: 其实完全可以用几句话来描述。
: ...................
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FROM 36.112.104.*

it is process
其他都是定语等
【 在 McJohn 的大作中提到: 】
: It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas.
: 这个by是对process的解释，表示通过以下的原因导致……
: which代表的是process，它是这个长句后半部分(by之后)的主语，从towns到句尾都是在阐述which所代表的process.
: ...................
--来自微水木3.5.11
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FROM 221.222.20.*

前面有人讲了，towns and cities是主语。  我又google也一下，发现Wikipedia和大英百科的这个句子很像
urbanization, the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.

如果直接用by urbanization还是比较顺口的， By urbanization, large numbers of people .....

国家地理也有类似句子，但这里介词用了through

Urbanization is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population comes to live in the city.


都是互相抄的，呵呵


【 在 McJohn 的大作中提到: 】
: 定语从句的主语是which没错吧？
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FROM 172.58.219.*

也是，有人解释了by which和in which的区别。 by which是强调这个process的效果，而in which是在这个process中发生了什么。

"A process by which" describes the effect of the process. "A process in which" describes what happens in the process.

For example:

Steeping is a process by which tea is made.

In other words:

Tea is made by the process of steeping.

On the other hand:

Steeping is a process in which water absorbs flavor from tea leaves.

Means:

In the process of steeping, water absorbs flavor from tea leaves.

There is often some overlap between these uses, i.e. there are cases in which either is grammatically correct. This is because what happens in a process and what the process does are not clearly distinct. The choice of one or the other can change the connotation of the sentence.
【 在 Dionusos 的大作中提到: 】
: 城市化在人类学中应当有标准的定义，各个地方的说法肯定大同小异啊。
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FROM 172.58.219.*

如果用during which的话，就有些强调这个过程“towns and cities are formed”，贯穿于整个process。作者并不想突出表达这个意蕴，所以他也不用during which。
【 在 bigrime 的大作中提到: 】
: 赞！
: by which之所以比in which更能“强调这个process的效果”，是因为by在古英语时期接名词的工具格，它比介词in一定程度上更能强调工具产生的施动效果，又如They took it over by force.中的“by force”。
: 用in which也完全正确，只是少了点强调的意蕴。
: ...................
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FROM 223.104.38.*